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Nobel sengleixhag hoh ywhag ciengj

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Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C]
1901 Emil Adolf von Behring Dwzgoz "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[1]
1902 Sir Ronald Ross United Kingdom "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[2]
1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen Danhmai
(Faroe Islands) 		"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[3]
1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Ngozlozswh "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[4]
1905 Robert Koch Dwzgoz "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[5]
1906 Camillo Golgi Eiqdaihleih "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[6]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Sihbanhyaz
1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Fazgoz "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[7]
1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Ngozlozswh "in recognition of their work on immunity"[8]
Paul Ehrlich Dwzgoz
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Nyeiqswq "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[9]
1910 Albrecht Kossel Dwzgoz "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[10]
1911 Allvar Gullstrand Nyeiqdenj "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[11]
1912 Alexis Carrel Fazgoz "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[12]
1913 Charles Richet Fazgoz "[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[13]
1914 Robert Bárány Audeihleih "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[14]
1915 Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919 Jules Bordet Bijliswz "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[15]
1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh Danhmai "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[16]
1921 Not awarded
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill United Kingdom "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[17]
Otto Fritz Meyerhof Dwzgoz "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[17]
1923 Frederick Grant Banting Gyahnazda "for the discovery of insulin"[18]
John James Rickard Macleod Gyahnazda
1924 Willem Einthoven The Netherlands "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[19]
1925 Not awarded
1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger Danhmai "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[20]
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Audeihleih "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[21]
1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle Fazgoz "for his work on typhus"[22]
1929 Christiaan Eijkman The Netherlands "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[23]
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins United Kingdom "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[23]
1930 Karl Landsteiner Audeihleih "for his discovery of human blood groups"[24]
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg Dwzgoz "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[25]
1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington United Kingdom "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[26]
Edgar Douglas Adrian United Kingdom
1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan Meijgoz "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[27]
1934 George Hoyt Whipple Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[28]
George Richards Minot Meijgoz
William Parry Murphy Meijgoz
1935 Hans Spemann Dwzgoz "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[29]
1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale United Kingdom "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[30]
Otto Loewi Audeihleih
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt Yunghyazleih "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[31]
1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans Bijliswz "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[32]
1939 Gerhard Domagk Dwzgoz "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[33]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 Carl Peter Henrik Dam Danhmai "for his discovery of vitamin K"[34]
文件:Edward A. Doisy.jpg Edward Adelbert Doisy Meijgoz "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[34]
1944 Joseph Erlanger Meijgoz "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[35]
Herbert Spencer Gasser Meijgoz
1945 Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[36]
Sir Ernst Boris Chain United Kingdom
Howard Walter Florey Audaliya
1946 文件:Hermann Joseph Muller.jpg Hermann Joseph Muller Meijgoz "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[37]
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori Meijgoz "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[38]
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz Meijgoz
Bernardo Alberto Houssay Ahgwnhdingz "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[38]
1948 Paul Hermann Müller Nyeiqswq "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[39]
1949 Walter Rudolf Hess Nyeiqswq "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[40]
António Caetano Egas Moniz Buzdauzyaz "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[40]
1950 Philip Showalter Hench Meijgoz "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[41]
文件:Edward Calvin Kendall nobel.jpg Edward Calvin Kendall Meijgoz
Tadeusz Reichstein Nyeiqswq
1951 Max Theiler Union of South Africa "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[42]
1952 Selman Abraham Waksman Meijgoz "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[43]
1953 Sir Hans Adolf Krebs United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[44]
Fritz Albert Lipmann Meijgoz "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[44]
1954 文件:John Franklin Enders nobel.jpg John Franklin Enders Meijgoz "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[45]
Frederick Chapman Robbins Meijgoz
文件:Thomas Huckle Weller.jpg Thomas Huckle Weller Meijgoz
1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell Nyeiqdenj "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[46]
1956 André Frédéric Cournand Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[47]
Werner Forssmann Federal Republic of Germany
Dickinson W. Richards Meijgoz
1957 Daniel Bovet Eiqdaihleih "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[48]
1958 文件:George Wells Beadle.jpg George Wells Beadle Meijgoz "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[49]
文件:Edward Lawrie Tatum nobel.jpg Edward Lawrie Tatum Meijgoz
Joshua Lederberg Meijgoz "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[49]
1959 Arthur Kornberg Meijgoz "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[50]
文件:Severo Ochoa nobel.jpg Severo Ochoa Sihbanhyaz
Meijgoz
1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Audaliya "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[51]
Sir Peter Brian Medawar United Kingdom
1961 Georg von Békésy Meijgoz "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[52]
1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[53]
James Dewey Watson Meijgoz
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins Saen Saelanz
United Kingdom
1963 Sir John Carew Eccles Audaliya "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[54]
Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin United Kingdom
Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley United Kingdom
1964 Konrad Bloch Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[55]
Feodor Lynen Federal Republic of Germany
1965 François Jacob Fazgoz "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[56]
André Lwoff Fazgoz
Jacques Monod Fazgoz
1966 Peyton Rous Meijgoz "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[57]
文件:Charles Brenton Huggins nobel.jpg Charles Brenton Huggins Meijgoz "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[57]
1967 Ragnar Granit Finland/Sweden "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[58]
Haldan Keffer Hartline Meijgoz
George Wald Meijgoz
1968 文件:Robert W. Holley nobel.jpg Robert W. Holley Meijgoz "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[59]
文件:Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg Har Gobind Khorana India
Marshall W. Nirenberg Meijgoz
1969 Max Delbrück Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[60]
Alfred D. Hershey Meijgoz
Salvador E. Luria Meijgoz
1970 Julius Axelrod Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[61]
Ulf von Euler Nyeiqdenj
Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom
1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. Meijgoz "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[62]
1972 Gerald M. Edelman Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[63]
Rodney R. Porter United Kingdom
1973 文件:Karl Ritter von Frisch.jpg Karl von Frisch Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[64]
Nikolaas Tinbergen (left), Konrad Lorenz (right) Konrad Lorenz Audeihleih
Nikolaas Tinbergen United Kingdom
1974 Albert Claude Bijliswz "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[65]
Christian de Duve Bijliswz
George E. Palade Romania
1975 David Baltimore Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[66]
Renato Dulbecco Eiqdaihleih
Meijgoz
Howard Martin Temin Meijgoz
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[67]
D. Carleton Gajdusek Meijgoz
1977 Roger Guillemin Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[68]
Andrew V. Schally Meijgoz
Rosalyn Yalow Meijgoz "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[68]
1978 Werner Arber Nyeiqswq "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[69]
Daniel Nathans Meijgoz
Hamilton O. Smith Meijgoz
1979 Allan M. Cormack Meijgoz "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[70]
Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield United Kingdom
1980 Baruj Benacerraf Venezuela "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[71]
Jean Dausset Fazgoz
George D. Snell Meijgoz
1981 Roger W. Sperry Meijgoz "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[72]
David H. Hubel Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[72]
Torsten N. Wiesel Nyeiqdenj
1982 Sune K. Bergström Nyeiqdenj "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[73]
Bengt I. Samuelsson Nyeiqdenj
Sir John R. Vane United Kingdom
1983 文件:Barbara McClintock at C.S.H. 1947.jpg Barbara McClintock Meijgoz "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[74]
1984 Niels K. Jerne Danhmai "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[75]
Georges J.F. Köhler Federal Republic of Germany
César Milstein Ahgwnhdingz
United Kingdom
1985 Michael S. Brown Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[76]
Joseph L. Goldstein Meijgoz
1986 Stanley Cohen Meijgoz "for their discoveries of growth factors"[77]
Rita Levi-Montalcini Eiqdaihleih
Meijgoz
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Nyiedbonj "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[78]
1988 Sir James W. Black United Kingdom "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[79]
Gertrude B. Elion Meijgoz
George H. Hitchings Meijgoz
1989 J. Michael Bishop Meijgoz "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[80]
Harold E. Varmus Meijgoz
1990 Joseph E. Murray Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[81]
E. Donnall Thomas Meijgoz
1991 Erwin Neher Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[82]
Bert Sakmann Federal Republic of Germany
1992 Edmond H. Fischer Nyeiqswq
Meijgoz 		"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[83]
Edwin G. Krebs Meijgoz
1993 Sir Richard J. Roberts United Kingdom "for their discoveries of split genes"[84]
Phillip A. Sharp Meijgoz
1994 Alfred G. Gilman Meijgoz "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[85]
Martin Rodbell Meijgoz
1995 Edward B. Lewis Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[86]
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Federal Republic of Germany
Eric F. Wieschaus Meijgoz
1996 Peter C. Doherty Audaliya "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[87]
Rolf M. Zinkernagel Nyeiqswq
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner Meijgoz "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[88]
1998 Robert F. Furchgott Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[89]
Louis J. Ignarro Meijgoz
Ferid Murad Meijgoz
1999 Günter Blobel Meijgoz "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[90]
2000 Arvid Carlsson Nyeiqdenj "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[91]
Paul Greengard Meijgoz
Eric R. Kandel Meijgoz
2001 Leland H. Hartwell Meijgoz "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[92]
Sir Tim Hunt United Kingdom
Sir Paul M. Nurse United Kingdom
2002 Sydney Brenner United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[93]
H. Robert Horvitz Meijgoz
Sir John E. Sulston United Kingdom
2003 Paul Lauterbur Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[94]
Sir Peter Mansfield United Kingdom
2004 Richard Axel Meijgoz "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[95]
Linda B. Buck Meijgoz
2005 Barry J. Marshall Audaliya "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[96]
J. Robin Warren Audaliya
2006 Andrew Z. Fire Meijgoz "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[97]
Craig C. Mello Meijgoz
2007 Mario R. Capecchi Meijgoz "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[98]
Sir Martin J. Evans United Kingdom
Oliver Smithies Meijgoz
2008 Harald zur Hausen Dwzgoz "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"[99]
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Fazgoz "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[99]
Luc Montagnier Fazgoz
2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Meijgoz
Audaliya 		"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[100]
Carol W. Greider Meijgoz
Jack W. Szostak Meijgoz
2010 Sir Robert G. Edwards United Kingdom "for the development of in vitro fertilization"[101]
2011 Bruce A. Beutler Meijgoz "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"[102]
Jules A. Hoffmann Fazgoz
Ralph M. Steinman Gyahnazda
Meijgoz 		"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"[102]
(awarded posthumously)[103]
  1. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  6. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  7. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  8. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  9. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  10. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  11. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  12. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  13. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  14. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  15. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  16. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  18. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  20. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  21. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  22. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  24. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  25. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  28. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  29. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  30. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  31. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  32. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  33. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  35. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  37. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  39. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  41. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  42. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  43. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  45. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  46. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  47. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  48. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  50. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  51. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  52. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  53. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  54. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  58. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  59. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  60. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  61. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  62. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  63. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  64. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  65. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  66. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  67. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  69. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  70. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  71. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  73. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  74. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  75. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  76. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  77. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  78. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  79. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  80. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  81. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  82. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  83. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  84. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  85. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  86. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  87. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  88. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  89. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  90. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  91. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  92. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  93. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  94. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  95. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  96. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  97. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  98. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-08. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
  100. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
  101. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-04. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  103. ↑ "Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate". The Nobel Foundation. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011. 
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